WASHINGTON — In June 2019, the Supreme Court swept aside the idea that federal courts could rein in state lawmakers' power to draw legislative maps designed primarily to entrench their own party's power.
The ruling, a 5-4 split along ideological lines with conservative justices in the majority, made it clear that partisan gerrymandering was here to stay, absent states taking matters into their own hands or the unlikely scenario of Congress' stepping in to impose some sort of national ban.
Writing for the majority, Chief Justice John Roberts said simply that federal courts had no authority to intervene on the issue, even if it means election outcomes can "seem unjust."
With technological advances making it increasingly easy to surgically draw districts to maximize partisan advantages, both Republican and Democratic states have continued the practice.
That is now on view in Texas as Republicans plan to redraw congressional maps to further extend their dominance in the state and insulate against possible Democratic gains nationwide in the 2026 midterm elections, which will determine control of the House of Representatives for the final two years of President Donald Trump's term.
That has prompted Democrats in California and other states to threaten countermeasures.
"This is just a very ugly race to the bottom," said Richard Pildes, an expert in election law at New York University School of Law, who has advocated for reform. With control of the House so finely poised, Texas has the incentive to "squeeze out every district they can," he said.
The legal background of redistricting
Under the Constitution, state legislatures have the primary role of drawing legislative maps, but Congress has the specific power to intervene should it choose and set rules for how it should be done.
States are required to draw new legislative maps after the census that takes place every 10 years.
Texas and all the other states have already drawn new maps after the 2020 census. The latest saga was prompted when Gov. Greg Abbott proposed a mid-decade re-draw for overt political gain, urged on by Trump.
States are not prohibited from drawing new maps between censuses, but it is rarely done.
Texas is "bashing through norms that were keeping folks in check," said Sophia Lin Lakin, a lawyer at the American Civil Liberties Union who works on voting rights cases.
Despite the Supreme Court's ruling in the partisan gerrymandering dispute, there are some restrictions on how states draw districts.
Under the Supreme Court's "one person, one vote" precedent, the populations of every district must be similar so the power of each individual voter is not diluted.
Another constraint, at least for now, is the landmark Voting Rights Act, a law passed 60 years ago this week to protect minority voters.
But the Supreme Court, which has a 6-3 conservative majority, has weakened that law in a series of rulings.
A ruling in 2013 gutted a key provision that required certain states with histories of race discrimination to get approval from the federal government before they change state voting laws, which included the adoption of new district maps.
Just last week, the court indicated it could further weaken the Voting Rights Act in a case involving Louisiana’s congressional districts.
The court said it would consider whether it is unconstitutional, under the 14th and 15th Amendments, for states to consider race in drawing districts intended to comply with the voting law.
A ruling along those lines would be "potentially devastating for voting rights," said Lakin, who is involved in the case.
Last week's order seemed to suggest the court might backtrack on a 2023 decision that, to the surprise of many commentators, upheld a Voting Rights Act challenge to a congressional district map in Alabama.
The Trump administration has already suggested support for the type of legal argument raised in the Louisiana case in a letter it sent to Texas officials suggesting that the current map is unconstitutional because it was drawn along racial lines, partly to comply with the Voting Rights Act.
Meanwhile, the current map in Texas is still being challenged in court by civil rights groups that allege it violates the Voting Rights Act.
Amid the trend toward partisan line-drawing, some states have undertaken efforts to de-politicize the process by setting up commissions instead of allowing lawmakers to do the job. There are 18 commissions of some type, although only eight of them are truly independent.
The Supreme Court narrowly upheld the use of independent commissions in a 2015 ruling. The court’s composition has changed since then, meaning it is unclear whether it would reach the same conclusion now.
Meanwhile, as California Democrats scramble to try to override their redistricting commission in response to the Texas plan, it may make less political sense for states to set commissions up in future.
"It dramatically undermines the incentives to create commissions," Pildes said.
At the time of the partisan gerrymandering ruling, liberal Justice Elena Kagan warned of the consequences of the Supreme Court's deciding not to step in over gerrymandered maps in North Carolina and Maryland.
“The practices challenged in these cases imperil our system of government,” she wrote. “Part of the Court’s role in that system is to defend its foundations. None is more important than free and fair elections.”
