The parasite that causes river blindness, a crippling disease endemic in Africa, may be developing resistance to the one drug used to treat it, according to research published Friday in The Lancet.
The discovery could force public health officials to rethink strategies for controlling river blindness, also known as onchocerciasis.
In The Lancet study, researchers tested 2,501 people in disease-endemic regions of Ghana from 2004 to 2005, and found 19.5 percent had the worms that cause river blindness.
Doctors treated 342 people, from 10 communities within the regions, with ivermectin, and then tested them to see if immature worms were still in their system. Ivermectin only acts to kill young worms, so any adult worms in patients would still be present, even after treatment.
In four of the 10 communities, people were shown carrying a higher number of immature worms — the opposite result expected from the drug — suggesting the parasite was developing immunity.
“This finding represents a wake-up call that any parasite-control program that relies on a single antimicrobial agent is always at risk of derailment,” wrote Dr. Peter J. Hotez, president of the Sabin Vaccine Institute, in an accompanying commentary in The Lancet. Hotez was not linked to the study.
River blindness is caused by a thin worm that’s transmitted to humans by black flies. The worms can cause intense itching, elephantiasis of the genitals and blindness if they reach the eyes.
Officials said there were currently there are 18 million cases in 36 countries worldwide, including in tropical regions of the Americas.
Every year, public health officials give out more than 20 million doses of ivermectin, used to treat river blindness since 1987. Experts estimate the drug has prevented nearly 40,000 cases of blindness a year. To date, nearly $600 million has been spent trying to eliminate river blindness from the world.
“It’s not surprising that we’re seeing some drug resistance,” Hotez said. “You can’t rely on a single tool without any backup.” The emerging problem of resistance to this drug underlines the need to find new drugs and possibly even vaccines, he said.
Experts have acknowledged that relying exclusively on ivermectin was not the best strategy.
“It’s been taken for granted for years that the river blindness problem has been solved because we have ivermectin,” said Roger Prichard, the study’s lead author and a professor at McGill University’s Institute of Parasitology. “But the problem has not been solved. We need another drug.”
