The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention updated its Covid vaccine guidance Monday to recommend Covid shots for people 65 and older and only after they consult doctors or pharmacists.
The CDC said in a news release that acting Director Jim O’Neill signed off on the recommendations of an agency advisory panel last week, capping months of confusion and concern about this season’s Covid vaccine. Earlier this year, Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. fired all 17 members of the influential vaccine panel, replacing them with his own picks, many of whom have spoken out against Covid vaccines.
Kennedy, a longtime anti-vaccine activist who has falsely called the Covid vaccine the “deadliest vaccine ever made,” first moved to limit access to shots in May, when he bypassed the typical regulatory process and announced the CDC would no longer recommend Covid vaccines to healthy children and pregnant women.
The CDC’s sign-off Monday doesn’t mean people younger than 65 are barred from getting a Covid vaccine — they still can do so, after having consulted with doctors or pharmacists.
Adding that so-called shared clinical decision-making essentially “puts up one more little barrier” to getting the shot, said Dr. Yvonne Maldonado, a professor of global health and infectious diseases at Stanford University. “It’s kind of a vague term that says you should have your doctor or your provider or pharmacist tell you what the risks and benefits are before you get the vaccine.”
The CDC said the vaccine panel's recommendations for people under 65 found the most benefit for someone at increased risk for severe Covid due to underlying conditions. The benefit of vaccination was lowest for people under 65 who aren't at increased risk for severe Covid.
But how easy it is to get a Covid shot may depend on where you live.
In previous years, states have generally mirrored the CDC’s vaccine guidance, particularly that of the vaccine advisory panel, called the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, ACIP, which had been considered one of the foremost authorities on vaccinations.
Before the CDC’s announcement, 26 states (mostly blue states with Democratic governors) had already set their own Covid shot guidance to keep access as broad as possible, according to KFF, a nonpartisan health policy research group.
The result is a complex hodgepodge of Covid vaccine policies nationwide.
“We now have had a breakdown in consensus between the federal government and the states as to how to manage Covid immunization,” said Dr. Ofer Levy, director of the Precision Vaccines Program at Boston Children’s Hospital. “We are facing an unprecedentedly complicated landscape.”
Illinois, Maryland and Washington, D.C., for example, officially recommend universal Covid vaccination for everyone 6 months and older. Other states, like California, Michigan and Minnesota, recommend the shots for everyone 3 years and older.
“Viruses don’t respect state borders,” Levy said. “From the perspective of protecting the public against infectious diseases, the last thing you would want as a strategy is to protect different states differently. It’s confusing, it’s inconsistent, and it leaves certain people vulnerable.”
What’s more, some doctors’ offices might not have any incentive to stock the vaccine since the CDC’s recommendation focuses on older adults. Last season, 23% of adults and 13% of children got the Covid vaccine, according to the CDC.
“There’s all kinds of ways where people who want the vaccine might not be able to get it because of all of these little obstacles that are put in place, even though, in theory, anybody 6 months and older should be able to get them,” said Maldonado, who is also a pediatrician.
In a statement, Amy Thibault, a spokesperson for CVS Health, said its pharmacies would be ready to administer Covid shots for people ages 5 and older as soon as the CDC signed off.
Walgreens starts Covid vaccines at age 3. A spokesperson for Walgreens said in an email that the pharmacy chain “will offer the 2025-2026 COVID-19 vaccines at locations nationwide” without prescriptions.
Do I need a Covid shot?
While a summer uptick in cases appears to have peaked in most areas of the country, according to CDC surveillance, every year since the Covid pandemic started in 2020 has also had a winter wave.
Like the flu shot, the Covid vaccine doesn't necessarily stop a person from getting infected with the virus. But it does reduce the chances of severe illness, hospitalization or death.
Pfizer’s and Moderna’s updated Covid shots target the LP.8.1 variant, which was the dominant strain in the United States earlier this year but has been overtaken by newer variants. Novavax’s updated Covid shot targets an even older strain, called JN.1.
As of Sept. 27, LP.8.1 accounted for just 3% of all new Covid cases, according to the CDC. A strain called XFG is now dominant, accounting for at least 85% of new Covid cases. All are descendants of the omicron variant, which emerged in late 2021.
Research Moderna and Pfizer presented at an FDA advisory committee meeting in May found that the updated shot generated a modestly stronger immune response to the strains circulating at that time than last year’s Covid shots.
It typically takes a few weeks after Covid vaccinations for immunity to build.
Is the Covid shot free?
Most people with insurance who want Covid vaccinations should be able to get them free this year.
Ahead of the CDC’s advisory committee meeting, AHIP, a health insurance industry trade group, said private plans will continue to cover all CDC-recommended vaccines that were recommended as of Sept. 1, meaning its previous Covid shot recommendation for everyone 6 months and older still applies.
Medicare, Medicaid and other government health programs will continue to cover the shots at no cost, a Department of Health and Human Services spokesperson said.
